SCH4U - Chemistry 12 (2024-25) - A

Summary

• Combustion reactions with alkanes produces CO₂, H₂O and thermal energy
  
• Alkanes can undergo substitution reactions to produce alkyl halides
• Alkenes and Alkynes are more reactive due to their multiple bonds
• Hydrogenation: addition reaction that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated hydrocarbons, produces alkenes and alkanes
• Halogenation: addition of halogen atoms to hydrocarbons
• Hydration: reactions with water molecules whereby a hydrogen atom and hydroxyl (-OH) group are added to reactant molecule
• Hydration reactions produce alcohols
• Hydration and halogenation reactions follow Markovnikov's rule, whereby the hydrogen atom is added to the carbon that has the most hydrogen atoms bound to it prior to the reaction
• Polymers are large molecules made up of individual units called monomers, these polymers can be formed by addition or condensation reactions
• Alcohols are produced from hydration reactions between an alkene and water
• Hydration reactions follow Markovnikov's rule
• Elimination reactions are those in which 2 substituent molecules are removed from a reactant molecule producing a double bond on the product molecule
• Dehydration reactions are an example of an elimination reaction
• In dehydration reactions, alcohols lose a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group, forming an alkene and water as the products
• Ethers are produced through condensation reactions where two alcohols react to produce an ether and a water molecule
• Alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary based on the number of carbons that the carbon which is bound to the hydroxyl group is bound to
• Aldehydes can be synthesized through the controlled oxidation reaction of a primary alcohol
• Ketones can be synthesized through the controlled oxidation reaction of a secondary alcohol
• Esters are formed through a chemical process known as esterification
• In an esterification reaction, a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol producing an ester and water
• Esters can be broken down through a hydrolysis reaction that produces a carboxylic acid and an alcohol